Amavu n'amavuko

Guverinoma ya Amerika yashyizeho uburyo bwuzuye kandi bukomeye bwo kugera ku isoko ku binyabiziga. Hashingiwe ku ihame ryo kwizerana mu bigo, inzego za leta ntizigenzura inzira zose zo gutanga ibyemezo no gupima. Uruganda rushobora guhitamo uburyo bukwiye bwo kwimenyekanisha no gutangaza ko rwujuje ibisabwa n’amabwiriza. Igikorwa nyamukuru cya guverinoma ni nyuma yubugenzuzi nigihano.

Sisitemu yo kwemeza ibinyabiziga muri Amerika ikubiyemo ibyemezo bikurikira:

• Icyemezo cya DOT: Nibirimoumutekano wimodoka, kuzigama ingufu no kurwanya ubujura. Ikoreshwa cyane cyane na Minisiteri ishinzwe gutwara abantu n’Amerika / Ikigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe umutekano wo mu muhanda. Abakora amamodoka batangaza niba bujuje ubuziranenge bw’imodoka n’ibinyabiziga (FMVSS) bakoresheje kwisuzuma ubwabo, kandi leta ishyiraho uburyo bwo gutanga ibyemezo nyuma y’ubugenzuzi.
• Icyemezo cya EPA: Ikigo cyo muri Amerika gishinzwe kurengera ibidukikije (EPA) gikora icyemezo cya EPA kiyobowe naAmategeko agenga ikirere. Icyemezo cya EPA gifite kandi byinshi mubintu byo kwiyemeza. Icyemezo kigamije ahanini kurengera ibidukikije.
• Icyemezo cya CARB: CARB (Ikigo gishinzwe umutungo w’ikirere cya Californiya) nicyo gihugu cya mbere muri Amerika / ku isi cyatanze ibipimo by’imyuka y’ibinyabiziga bifite moteri. Kwinjira muri iri soko bisaba amwe mu mabwiriza akomeye y’ibidukikije ku isi. Ku binyabiziga bifite moteri byiteguye koherezwa muri Californiya, ababikora bagomba kubona icyemezo cyihariye cya CARB.

DOT icyemezo

Ububasha

DOT yo muri Amerika ishinzwe kugenzura ubwikorezi mu gihugu hose, harimo ibinyabiziga bifite moteri, ubwikorezi bwo mu nyanja no mu kirere. NHTSA, urwego ruyobowe na DOT, nubuyobozi bwemejwe na DOT bushinzwe gushyiraho no gushyira mu bikorwa FMVSS. Nubuyobozi bukuru bw’umutekano w’imodoka muri guverinoma y’Amerika.

Icyemezo cya DOT ni ukwemeza (kugenzura ibicuruzwa n'uruganda ubwarwo cyangwa undi muntu, hanyuma ugatanga dosiye hamwe na DOT). Uruganda rukoresha uburyo ubwo aribwo bwose bwo gutanga ibyemezo, rukabika inyandiko y'ibizamini byose mugihe cyo kwiyemeza, kandi rugashyiraho ikimenyetso gihoraho ahabigenewe ikinyabiziga kivuga ko iyi modoka yubahiriza amabwiriza yose akoreshwa na FMVSS mugihe avuye muruganda. Kurangiza intambwe yavuzwe haruguru byerekana urupapuro rwicyemezo cya DOT, kandi NHTSA ntizatanga ibirango cyangwa ibyemezo kubinyabiziga cyangwa ibikoresho.

Bisanzwe

DOT amabwiriza akoreshwa mumodoka agabanijwe mubyiciro bya tekiniki nubuyobozi. Amabwiriza ya tekiniki ni urukurikirane rwa FMVSS, naho amabwiriza yubuyobozi ni 49CFR50.

Ku binyabiziga by'amashanyarazi, usibye kubahiriza guhangana no kugongana, kwirinda kugongana hamwe n’ibindi bipimo bikoreshwa ku binyabiziga gakondo, bagomba kandi kubahiriza FMVSS 305: kurengerwa na electrolyte no gukingira amashanyarazi mbere yuko bihuza ikimenyetso cya DOT hakurikijwe ibisabwa n'amategeko.

FMVSS 305 igaragaza ibyangombwa byumutekano kubinyabiziga byamashanyarazi mugihe na nyuma yimpanuka.

• Igipimo cyo gusaba: Imodoka zitwara abagenzi zifite ingufu zumuriro zitari munsi ya 60 Vdc cyangwa 30 Vac nkimbaraga zo gutwara, hamwe n’imodoka zitwara abagenzi, amakamyo na bisi bifite uburemere bukabije butarenze kg 4536.
• Uburyo bwikizamini: Nyuma yingaruka zambere, ingaruka zinyuma ninyuma yikinyabiziga cyamashanyarazi, usibye ko nta electrolyte yinjira mubyumba byabagenzi, bateri igomba guhagarikwa kandi ntigomba kwinjira mubyumba byabagenzi, nibisabwa namashanyarazi kugirango abone ubwishingizi. impedance igomba kuba irenze agaciro gasanzwe. Nyuma yikizamini cyo guhanuka, ikizamini cya static cyakozwe kuri 90° kuri buri muzingo kugirango hemezwe ko electrolyte itinjira mucyumba cyabagenzi ku mpande zose.

Ishami rishinzwe kugenzura

Ishami nyobozi rishinzwe kugenzura ibyemezo bya DOT ni Ibiro bishinzwe umutekano w’ibinyabiziga (OVSC) munsi ya NHTSA, bizajya bigenzura buri gihe ku binyabiziga n'ibikoresho buri mwaka. Ikizamini cyo kubahiriza kizakorerwa muri laboratoire ifatanije na OVSC. Uruganda rwiyemezamirimo ruzagaragazwa neza nubushakashatsi.

Ibuka ubuyobozi

NHTSA itanga ibipimo byumutekano wibinyabiziga kandi isaba abayikora kwibuka ibinyabiziga nibikoresho bifite inenge zijyanye numutekano. Abaguzi barashobora gusubiza inenge yimodoka zabo kurubuga rwa NHTSA. NHTSA izasesengura kandi ikore iperereza ku makuru yatanzwe n'abaguzi, kandi imenye niba uwabikoze agomba gutangiza ibikorwa byo kwibuka.

Ibindi bipimo

Usibye icyemezo cya DOT, sisitemu yo gusuzuma umutekano wibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi muri Amerika ikubiyemo ibipimo bya SAE, ibipimo bya UL nibizamini bya IIHS, nibindi.

SAE

Sosiyete y'Abashinzwe Imodoka (SAE), yashinzwe mu 1905, n’umuryango munini w’amasomo ku isi ushinzwe ubwubatsi bw’imodoka. Ibikoresho byubushakashatsi nibinyabiziga gakondo, ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi, indege, moteri, ibikoresho nibikorwa. Ibipimo byateguwe na SAE biremewe kandi bikoreshwa cyane ninganda zitwara ibinyabiziga nizindi nganda, kandi igice kinini cyabyo kikaba cyemewe nkibipimo byigihugu muri Amerika. SAE itanga gusa ibipimo kandi ntabwo ishinzwe kwemeza ibicuruzwa.

Umwanzuro

Ugereranije na sisitemu yo kwemeza ubwoko bw’ibihugu by’i Burayi, isoko ry’Amerika ry’imodoka zifite amashanyarazi rifite umubare muto winjira, ibyago byinshi byemewe n'amategeko ndetse no kugenzura isoko rikomeye. Abategetsi ba Amerikakuyobora isokokugenzura buri mwaka. Niba kandi kutubahiriza amategeko bibonetse, ibihano bizatangwa hakurikijwe 49CFR 578 - IBIHANO BY'IMBONEZAMUBANO N'INSHINJABYAHA. Kuri buri mushinga wibikoresho cyangwa ibinyabiziga, buri cyaha kibangamiye umutekano kibaho kandi buri kunanirwa cyangwa kwanga gukora ibikorwa bisabwa murimwe muribi bice bizahanwa. Umubare ntarengwa w’ibihano mbonezamubano kubera amakosa ni miliyoni 105. Binyuze mu isesengura ryavuzwe haruguru ryibisabwa muri sisitemu yo gutanga ibyemezo muri Amerika, turizera ko tuzafasha ibigo byimbere mu gihugu gusobanukirwa neza na sisitemu yo gucunga neza ibinyabiziga n’ibicuruzwa muri Amerika, no gufasha kubahiriza ibipimo n’ibisabwa bijyanye, bifasha guteza imbere isoko ry’Amerika.