Amavu n'amavuko

Mu 1800, umuhanga mu bya fiziki w’umutaliyani A. Volta yubatse ikirundo cya voltaque, cyafunguye intangiriro ya bateri zifatika anasobanura ku nshuro ya mbere akamaro ka electrolyte mu bikoresho bibika ingufu z’amashanyarazi. Electrolyte irashobora kubonwa nkigikoresho cya elegitoroniki kandi ikora ion mu buryo bwamazi cyangwa ikomeye, byinjijwe hagati ya electrode mbi kandi nziza. Kugeza ubu, electrolyte yateye imbere ikorwa no gushonga umunyu wa lithium ukomeye (urugero LiPF6) mumashanyarazi ya karubone idafite amazi (urugero EC na DMC). Nkurikije imiterere rusange yimiterere nigishushanyo, electrolyte mubusanzwe ifite 8% kugeza 15% byuburemere bwakagari. Niki's byinshi, gucana kwayo hamwe nubushyuhe bwiza bwo gukora bwa -10°C kugeza 60°C ibangamira cyane kurushaho kunoza ingufu za bateri n'umutekano. Kubwibyo, guhanga udushya twa electrolyte bifatwa nkibyingenzi bifasha iterambere ryigihe kizaza cya bateri nshya.

Abashakashatsi nabo barimo gukora kugirango bateze imbere sisitemu zitandukanye za electrolyte. Kurugero, ikoreshwa ryumuti wa fluor ushobora kugera kumagare meza ya lithium yicyuma cyamagare, organic cyangwa organic organique ikomeye ya electrolytite ifasha inganda zimodoka na "bateri zikomeye za leta" (SSB). Impamvu nyamukuru nuko niba electrolyte ikomeye isimbuye electrolyte yumwimerere na diaphragm, umutekano, ubwinshi bwingufu nubuzima bwa bateri birashobora kunozwa kuburyo bugaragara. Ibikurikira, twibanze muri make iterambere ryubushakashatsi bwa electrolytite ikomeye hamwe nibikoresho bitandukanye.

Ibinyabuzima bikomeye bya electrolytike

Imashanyarazi idasanzwe ya elegitoronike yakoreshejwe mubikoresho byo kubika ingufu z'amashanyarazi mu bucuruzi, nka bateri zimwe na zimwe zitanga ubushyuhe bwo hejuru zishobora kwishyurwa Na-S, Na-NiCl2 na batiri ya Li-I2. Muri 2019, Hitachi Zosen (Ubuyapani) yerekanye bateri yuzuye ya paki ya paki ya mAh 140 kugirango ikoreshwe mu kirere kandi igeragezwa kuri sitasiyo mpuzamahanga (ISS). Iyi bateri igizwe na sulfide electrolyte nibindi bikoresho bya batiri bitamenyekanye, ibasha gukora hagati ya -40°C na 100°C. Muri 2021 isosiyete izana bateri ikomeye ifite ingufu za mAh 1.000. Hitachi Zosen abona ko hakenewe bateri zikomeye kubidukikije bikaze nkumwanya nibikoresho byinganda bikorera mubidukikije bisanzwe. Isosiyete irateganya gukuba kabiri ingufu za batiri mu 2025. Ariko kugeza ubu, nta bicuruzwa bikomoka kuri batiri-byose bishobora gukoreshwa mu binyabiziga by’amashanyarazi.

Organic igice-gikomeye kandi gikomeye cya electrolytike

Mu cyiciro cya electrolyte kama, Bolloré yo mubufaransa yagurishije neza amashanyarazi yo mu bwoko bwa PVDF-HFP electrolyte na gelo yo mu bwoko bwa PEO electrolyte. Isosiyete yatangije kandi gahunda yo kugabana imodoka muri Amerika y'Amajyaruguru, Uburayi na Aziya kugira ngo ikoreshe ubwo buhanga bwa batiri ku binyabiziga by'amashanyarazi, ariko iyi bateri ya polymer ntabwo yigeze yemerwa cyane mu modoka zitwara abagenzi. Ikintu kimwe kigira uruhare mubucuruzi bwabo bubi nuko bashobora gukoreshwa gusa mubushyuhe bwo hejuru (50)°C kugeza 80°C) hamwe na voltage ntoya. Ubu bateri zikoreshwa mumodoka zubucuruzi, nka bisi zimwe zo mumujyi. Nta bihe byo gukorana na bateri nziza ya polymer electrolyte yubushyuhe bwicyumba (ni ukuvuga hafi 25°C).

Icyiciro cya semisolide kirimo electrolytike zifite amabara menshi cyane, nk'imvange ivanze n'umunyu, igisubizo cya electrolyte gifite umunyu mwinshi urenze 1 mol / L isanzwe, hamwe nibitekerezo cyangwa ibyuzuye bigera kuri 4 mol / L. Impungenge zivanze na electrolyte zivanze ni nyinshi cyane zirimo imyunyu ya fluor, nayo itera kwibaza kubijyanye na lithium ningaruka ku bidukikije ziterwa na electrolytite. Ni ukubera ko gucuruza ibicuruzwa bikuze bisaba isesengura ryubuzima bwuzuye. Kandi ibikoresho fatizo byateguwe na electrolytite yateguwe nayo igomba kuba yoroshye kandi byoroshye kuboneka kugirango byoroshye kwinjizwa mumodoka yamashanyarazi.

Hybrid electrolytes

Hybrid electrolytite, izwi kandi nka electrolytite ivanze, irashobora guhindurwa hashingiwe kumazi / organic solvent hybrid electrolytes cyangwa mukongeramo igisubizo kitari amazi ya electrolyte yumuti kuri electrolyte ikomeye, urebye gukora nubunini bwa electrolytite ikomeye nibisabwa kugirango tekinoroji ikorwe. Nyamara, bene iyo mashanyarazi ya Hybrid iracyari mubyiciro byubushakashatsi kandi nta ngero zubucuruzi zihari.

Ibitekerezo byo guteza imbere ubucuruzi bwa electrolytite

Ibyiza byingenzi bya electrolytite ikomeye ni umutekano mwinshi hamwe nubuzima burebure, ariko ingingo zikurikira zigomba gutekerezwa neza mugihe dusuzumye ubundi buryo bwamazi cyangwa amashanyarazi akomeye:

• Uburyo bwo gukora nuburyo bwa sisitemu ya electrolyte ikomeye. Batteri ya laboratoire isanzwe igizwe nuduce duto twa electrolyte hamwe na microne magana yubugari, zometse kuruhande rumwe rwa electrode. Utugingo ngengabuzima duto ntabwo duhagarariye imikorere isabwa kuri selile nini (10 kugeza 100Ah), kuko ubushobozi bwa 10 ~ 100Ah nubusobanuro ntarengwa busabwa kuri bateri yumuriro.
• Electrolyte ikomeye nayo isimbuza uruhare rwa diafragma. Nkuko uburemere bwacyo nubunini bwabyo ari mush kurenza diaphragm ya PP / PE, igomba guhinduka kugirango igere kuburemere≥350Wh / kgn'ubucucike bw'ingufu≥900Wh /L kugirango wirinde kubangamira ubucuruzi bwayo.

Batteri burigihe nikibazo cyumutekano kurwego runaka. Electrolytes ikomeye, nubwo ifite umutekano kuruta amazi, ntabwo byanze bikunze idacanwa. Polimeri zimwe na electrolytike zidasanzwe zirashobora gukora hamwe na ogisijeni cyangwa amazi, bikabyara ubushyuhe na gaze yubumara nabyo bitera umuriro no guturika. Usibye selile imwe, plastike, imanza nibikoresho bipakira birashobora gutera umuriro udashobora gucanwa. Ubwanyuma rero, ikizamini cyuzuye cyumutekano, sisitemu-urwego.