Amavu n'amavuko

Hamwe niterambere ryikoranabuhanga no kwihutisha inganda, imiti ikoreshwa cyane mubikorwa. Ibi bintu bishobora guteza umwanda ibidukikije mugihe cyo kubyara, gukoresha, no gusohora, bityo bigahagarika uburinganire bwibinyabuzima. Imiti imwe nimwe ifite kanseri, mutagenic, nuburozi irashobora kandi gutera indwara zitandukanye mugihe kirekire, bikabangamira ubuzima bwabantu.

Nk’umushinga w’ingenzi mu kurengera ibidukikije mpuzamahanga, Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi (EU) wafashe ingamba zihamye kandi ushyiraho amategeko agenga kugabanya ibintu bitandukanye byangiza mu gihe bishimangira gusuzuma no kugenzura imiti igabanya ingaruka z’ibidukikije ndetse n’umuntu. Umuryango w'ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi uzakomeza kuvugurura no kunoza amategeko n'amabwiriza kugira ngo hasubizwe ibibazo bishya by’ibidukikije n’ubuzima nkiterambere ry’ubumenyi n’ikoranabuhanga ndetse no kumenya ubumenyi. Hano hepfo ni intangiriro irambuye kumabwiriza y’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi.

Amabwiriza ya RoHS

2011/65 / EU Amabwiriza yo kubuza ikoreshwa ryibintu bimwe byangiza mubikoresho byamashanyarazi na elegitoroniki(Amabwiriza ya RoHS) ni aamabwiriza ateganijwebyashyizweho na EU. Amabwiriza ya RoHS ashyiraho amategeko agenga ikoreshwa ry’ibintu byangiza mu bikoresho by’amashanyarazi n’ikoranabuhanga (EEE), bigamije kurengera ubuzima bw’abantu n’umutekano w’ibidukikije, no guteza imbere gutunganya no guta imyanda y’amashanyarazi n’ikoranabuhanga.

Igipimo cyo gusaba

Ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki n'amashanyarazi hamwe na voltage yagenwe itarenga 1000V AC cyangwa 1500V DCikubiyemo, ariko ntabwo igarukira gusa, ibyiciro bikurikira:

ibikoresho binini byo murugo, ibikoresho bito byo murugo, ikoranabuhanga ryamakuru nibikoresho byitumanaho, ibikoresho byabaguzi, ibikoresho byo kumurika, ibikoresho byamashanyarazi na elegitoronike, ibikinisho nibikoresho bya siporo byo kwidagadura, ibikoresho byubuvuzi, ibikoresho byo gukurikirana (harimo ibyuma byerekana inganda), hamwe n’imashini zicuruza.

Ibisabwa

Amabwiriza ya RoHS arasaba ko ibintu bibujijwe mubikoresho byamashanyarazi na elegitoronike bitagomba kurenza urugero rwabyo. Ibisobanuro ni ibi bikurikira:

Ikirango

Ababikora basabwa gutanga imenyekanisha ryujuje ubuziranenge, gukusanya inyandiko za tekiniki, no gushyira ikimenyetso cya CE ku bicuruzwa kugirango berekane ko bubahiriza Amabwiriza ya RoHS.Ibyangombwa bya tekiniki bigomba kuba bikubiyemo raporo zisesengura ibintu, fagitire y'ibikoresho, imenyekanisha ry'abatanga ibicuruzwa, n'ibindi. Ababikora bagomba kugumana ibyangombwa bya tekiniki ndetse no gutangaza ko Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi byibuze mu myaka 10 nyuma y’ibikoresho by’amashanyarazi n’ikoranabuhanga bishyizwe ku isoko kugirango bitegure kugenzura isoko. Kugenzura. Ibicuruzwa bitubahirije amabwiriza birashobora kwibukwa.

SHAKA Amabwiriza

(EC) No 1907/2006AMABWIRIZA yerekeye kwandikisha, gusuzuma, kwemerera no kugabanya imiti (REACH), ariryo tegeko ryerekeye kwandikisha, gusuzuma, kwemerera, no kubuza imiti, byerekana ingingo ikomeye y’amategeko agenga Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi gukumira imiti yinjira mu isoko ryayo. Amabwiriza ya REACH agamije kurinda urwego rwo hejuru kurengera ubuzima bw’abantu n’ibidukikije, guteza imbere ubundi buryo bwo gusuzuma ingaruka z’ibintu, koroshya ikwirakwizwa ry’ibintu ku isoko ry’imbere, kandi icyarimwe bikazamura irushanwa no guhanga udushya.Ibice byingenzi bigize amabwiriza ya REACH bikubiyemo kwiyandikisha, gusuzuma,uburenganzira, no kubuzwa.

Kwiyandikisha

Buri ruganda cyangwa uwatumije mu mahanga ukora cyangwa atumiza imiti mubwinshikurenza toni 1 / umwakani Kuriohereza dosiye ya tekiniki mu kigo cy’uburayi gishinzwe imiti (ECHA) kugirango wiyandikishe. Kubintukurenza toni 10 / umwaka, isuzuma ry’umutekano w’imiti naryo rigomba gukorwa, kandi raporo yumutekano yimiti igomba kuzuzwa.

• Niba igicuruzwa kirimo Ibintu Byibanze Byinshi (SVHC) kandi kwibanda kurenze 0.1% (kuburemere), uwabikoze cyangwa uwatumije ibicuruzwa agomba gutanga urupapuro rwumutekano (SDS) kubakoresha hasi hanyuma bagatanga amakuru kububiko bwa SCIP.
• Niba ubunini bwa SVHC burenze 0.1% kuburemere kandi ubwinshi burenze toni 1 / mwaka, uwakoze cyangwa uwatumije mu mahanga agomba no kumenyesha ECHA.
• Niba ubwinshi bwibintu byanditswe cyangwa byamenyeshejwe bigera kuri tonnage ikurikira, uwabikoze cyangwa uwatumije ibicuruzwa agomba guhita atanga ECHA amakuru yinyongera asabwa kururwo rwego.

Isuzuma

Igikorwa cyo gusuzuma kigizwe nibice bibiri: gusuzuma dossier no gusuzuma ibintu.

Isuzuma rya dossier ryerekeza ku buryo ECHA isuzuma amakuru ya tekiniki ya tekiniki, ibisabwa mu makuru asanzwe, isuzuma ry’umutekano w’imiti, na raporo z’umutekano w’imiti zatanzwe n’inganda kugira ngo hamenyekane niba zujuje ibisabwa byashyizweho. Niba batujuje ibisabwa, uruganda rurasabwa gutanga amakuru akenewe mugihe gito. ECHA ihitamo byibuze 20% ya dosiye irenga toni 100 / mwaka kugirango igenzurwe buri mwaka.

Isuzuma ry'ibintu ni inzira yo kumenya ingaruka ziterwa n'imiti yangiza ubuzima bw'abantu n'ibidukikije. Iyi nzira ikubiyemo gusuzuma uburozi bwabo, inzira zerekana, urwego rwerekanwe, nibishobora kwangirika. Hashingiwe ku makuru y’ibyago na tonnage y’ibintu bya shimi, ECHA itegura gahunda yo gusuzuma imyaka itatu. Abayobozi babishoboye noneho bakora isuzuma ryibintu bakurikije iyi gahunda kandi bagatanga ibisubizo.

Uruhushya

Intego yo gutanga uruhushya ni ukureba neza imikorere yimbere yisoko ryimbere, ko ingaruka za SVHC zigenzurwa neza kandi ko ibyo bintu bigenda bisimburwa buhoro buhoro nubukungu nubuhanga bukoreshwa mubindi bikoresho cyangwa ikoranabuhanga. Gusaba uruhushya bigomba gushyikirizwa ikigo cy’ibihugu by’Uburayi gishinzwe ibidukikije hamwe n’urupapuro rusaba uruhushya. Ibyiciro bya SVHC bikubiyemo ibyiciro bikurikira:

（1） Ibintu bya CMR: Ibintu ni kanseri, mutagenic nuburozi kubyara

（2） Ibintu bya PBT: Ibintu birahoraho, bioaccumulative nuburozi (PBT)

（3） vPvB ： Ibintu birakomeza cyane kandi bioaccumulative

（4） Ibindi bintu bifite ibimenyetso bya siyansi byerekana ko bishobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye kubuzima bwabantu cyangwa ibidukikije

Kubuzwa

ECHA izagabanya umusaruro cyangwa gutumiza mu mahanga ibintu cyangwa ingingo mu bihugu by’Uburayi niba ibona ko inzira yo gukora, gukora, gushyira ku isoko ibangamira ubuzima bw’abantu n’ibidukikije bidashobora kugenzurwa bihagije.Ibintu cyangwa ingingo zashyizwe kurutonde rwibintu byagabanijwe (REACH Umugereka wa XVII) bigomba kubahiriza ibibujijwe mbere yuko bikorerwa, bikorerwa cyangwa bigashyirwa ku isoko muri EU, nibicuruzwa bidahuye nibisabwa bizibukwa kandiyahaniwe.

Kugeza ubu, ibisabwa kuri REACH Umugereka wa XVII byinjijwe mu Mabwiriza mashya y’uburayi. T.o kwinjiza mu isoko ry’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi, birakenewe kubahiriza ibisabwa na REACH Umugereka wa XVII.

Ikirango

Amabwiriza ya REACH kuri ubu ntabwo ari murwego rwo kugenzura CE, kandi nta bisabwa kugirango umuntu yemererwe cyangwa ibimenyetso bya CE. Icyakora, ikigo cy’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi gishinzwe kugenzura no gucunga amasoko kizahora gikora igenzura ku bicuruzwa ku isoko ry’Uburayi, kandi niba bidahuye n’ibisabwa na REACH, bazahura n’akaga ko kwibutswa.

PAPAAmabwiriza

(EU) 2019/1021 Amabwiriza yangiza imyanda ihoraho, byitwa amabwiriza ya POPs, bigamije kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere no kurinda ubuzima bw’abantu n’ibidukikije ingaruka mbi zabo mu kubuza cyangwa kugabanya umusaruro no gukoresha umwanda uhoraho. Imyanda ihumanya ihoraho (POPs) ni imyanda ihumanya idahoraho, ikusanya bio, yegeranya igice, kandi ikagira ubumara bukabije, ikaba ishobora gutwara ingendo ndende zibangamira ubuzima bw’abantu n’ibidukikije binyuze mu kirere, amazi, na ibinyabuzima bizima.

Amabwiriza ya POP akoreshwa mubintu byose, imvange, ningingo ziri muri EU.Itondekanya ibintu bigomba kugenzurwa kandi ikagaragaza ingamba zijyanye no kugenzura hamwe nuburyo bwo kubara. Irasaba kandi ingamba zo kugabanya no kugenzura irekurwa ryabo cyangwa ibyuka bihumanya. Byongeye kandi, aya mabwiriza akubiyemo no gucunga no guta imyanda irimo POP, kureba ko ibice bya POP byangiritse cyangwa bigahinduka bidasubirwaho, kugirango imyanda isigaye n’ibisohoka bitagaragaza ibiranga POP.

Ikirango

Bisa na REACH, ibyemezo byubahirizwa hamwe na label ya CE ntibisabwa kurubu, ariko amategeko agenga amategeko aracyakenewe kubahirizwa.

Amabwiriza ya Batiri

2006/66 / EC Amabwiriza kuri bateri no gukusanya hamwe na bateri yimyanda hamwe. Amabwiriza agaragaza ingingo zishyirwa ku isoko rya bateri n’abayirundanya, ndetse n’ingingo zihariye zo gukusanya, gutunganya, kugarura no guta imyanda ya batiri.TAmabwiriza yeBiteganijwe kubayavanyweho ku ya 18 Kanama 2025.

Ibisabwa

1. Birabujijwe ko bateri zose hamwe nububiko byashyizwe kumasoko hamwe na mercure (kuburemere) irenga 0.0005%.
2. Batiyeri zose zigendanwa hamwe nizindi zegeranya zashyizwe kumasoko arimo kadmium (kuburemere) irenga 0.002% birabujijwe.
3. Ingingo ebyiri zavuzwe haruguru ntizikoreshwa kuri sisitemu yo gutabaza byihutirwa (harimo itara ryihutirwa) nibikoresho byubuvuzi.
4. Ibigo birashishikarizwa kunoza imikorere yibidukikije muri bateri mubuzima bwabo bwose, no guteza imbere bateri hamwe nogukusanya hamwe na sisitemu nkeya, mercure, kadmium nibindi bintu byangiza.
5. Ibihugu bigize Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi bizashyiraho gahunda yo gukusanya imyanda ikwiye, kandi abayikora / abagurisha biyandikisha kandi batange serivisi zo gukusanya batiri ku buntu mu bihugu bigize Umuryango bagurisha. Niba ibicuruzwa bifite bateri, uyikora nayo ifatwa nkuwakoze bateri.

Ikirango

Batteri zose, iziteranya, hamwe nudupaki twa batiri bigomba gushyirwaho ikirangantego cyumukungugu cyambukiranya imipaka, kandi ubushobozi bwa bateri zose zigendanwa n’ibinyabiziga hamwe n’ibikusanyirizo bigomba kwerekanwa kuri label.Batteri hamwe na kwirundanya birimo kadmium irenga 0.002% cyangwa irenga 0.004% isasu igomba gushyirwaho ikimenyetso cyimiti (Cd cyangwa Pb) kandi igomba kuba byibuze kimwe cya kane cyubuso bwikimenyetso.Ikirangantego kigomba kugaragara neza, gisomeka kandi ntigisibangana. Ibipimo n'ibipimo bigomba kubahiriza ingingo zibishinzwe.

Ikirangantego

Amabwiriza ya WEEE

2012/19 / EU Amabwiriza ku bikoresho by'amashanyarazi n'ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki(WEEE) nubutegetsi bwibanze bwa EU kuriGukusanya no kuvura WEEE. Ishiraho ingamba zo kurengera ibidukikije n’ubuzima bw’abantu mu gukumira cyangwa kugabanya ingaruka mbi z’umusaruro n’imicungire ya WEEE no guteza imbere iterambere rirambye hifashishijwe kunoza imikorere y’imikoreshereze.

Igipimo cyo gusaba

Ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki n'amashanyarazi bifite voltage yagenwe itarenga 1000V AC cyangwa 1500V DC, harimo ubwoko bukurikira:

Ibikoresho byo guhanahana ubushyuhe, ecran, kwerekana hamwe nibikoresho birimo ecran (hamwe nubuso burenga cm2), ibikoresho binini (bifite ibipimo byo hanze birenga 50cm), ibikoresho bito (bifite ibipimo byo hanze bitarenga 50cm), ikoranabuhanga rito ryamakuru nibikoresho byitumanaho ( hamwe n'ibipimo byo hanze bitarenze 50cm).

Ibisabwa

1. Amabwiriza arasaba ibihugu bigize uyu muryango gufata ingamba zikwiye zo guteza imbere kongera gukoresha, gusenya no gutunganya WEEE n'ibiyigize bikurikijeIbidukikijey'Amabwiriza 2009/125 / EC; ababikora ntibashobora gukumira ikoreshwa rya WEEE binyuze mumiterere yihariye yimiterere cyangwa mubikorwa byo gukora, usibye mubihe bidasanzwe.
2. Ibihugu bigize Umuryango bifata ingamba zikwiyegutondeka neza no gukusanya WEEE, gushyira imbere ibikoresho byo guhanahana ubushyuhe birimo ibintu bigabanya ozone hamwe na gaze ya parike ya fluor, amatara ya mercure arimo amatara ya florescente, paneli yifotora nibikoresho bito. Ibihugu bigize uyu muryango bigomba kandi gushyira mu bikorwa ihame ry '“inshingano z’umusaruro”, risaba ibigo gushyiraho ibikoresho bitunganya ibicuruzwa kugira ngo bigere ku gipimo gito cy’umwaka cyo gukusanya hashingiwe ku bwinshi bw’abaturage. Urutonde rwa WEEE rugomba gufatwa neza.
3. Ubucuruzi bugurisha ibicuruzwa byamashanyarazi na elegitoronike muri EU byandikwa mubihugu bigenewe kugurishwa hakurikijwe ibisabwa bijyanye.
4. Ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki n’amashanyarazi bigomba gushyirwaho ibimenyetso bisabwa, bigomba kugaragara neza kandi ntibishobora kwambarwa hanze yibikoresho.
5. Amabwiriza arasaba ibihugu bigize Umuryango gushyiraho uburyo bukwiye bwo gushimangira ibihano kugira ngo ibikubiye muri aya mabwiriza bishyirwe mu bikorwa byuzuye.

Ikirango

Ikirango cya WEEE gisa na label yubuyobozi bwa bateri, byombi bisaba ko "ikimenyetso cyo gukusanya gitandukanye" (ikirangantego cyumukungugu) gushyirwaho ikimenyetso, kandi ingano yubunini irashobora kwerekeza kubuyobozi bwa batiri.

Amabwiriza ya ELV

2000/53 / ECAmabwiriza kumodoka yanyuma yubuzima(Amabwiriza ya ELV)ikubiyemo ibinyabiziga byose nibinyabiziga bisoza ubuzima, harimo ibiyigize nibikoresho.Igamije gukumira imyanda iva mu binyabiziga, guteza imbere kongera no kugarura ibinyabiziga byanyuma byubuzima nibiyigize ndetse no kunoza imikorere y’ibidukikije kubakoresha bose bagize uruhare mubuzima bwikinyabiziga.

Ibisabwa

1. Indangagaciro ntarengwa yibiro byuburemere mubikoresho bimwe ntibishobora kurenga 0.1% kubiyobora, chromium ya hexavalent na mercure, na 0.01% kuri kadmium. Ibinyabiziga nibice byabyo birenze urugero ntarengwa rwo kwibandaho kandi bitari murwego rwo gusonerwa ntibishobora gushyirwa kumasoko.
2. Igishushanyo mbonera n’umusaruro w’ibinyabiziga bigomba kuzirikana byimazeyo gusenya, kongera gukoresha no gutunganya ibinyabiziga nibice byabyo bimaze gukurwaho, kandi ibikoresho byinshi byongeye gukoreshwa birashobora guhuzwa.
3. Abashinzwe ubukungu bagomba gushyiraho uburyo bwo gukusanya ibinyabiziga byose birangiza ubuzima kandi, aho bishoboka mu buryo bwa tekiniki, imyanda ituruka ku gusana ibinyabiziga. Ibinyabiziga birangiza ubuzima bigomba guherekezwa nicyemezo cyo kurimbuka no kwimurirwa mubuvuzi bwemewe. Abakora ibicuruzwa bagomba gutanga amakuru yo gusenya nibindi bitarenze amezi atandatu nyuma yo gushyira imodoka kumasoko kandi bagomba kwishyura byose cyangwa byinshi mubiciro byo gukusanya, kuvura no kugarura ibinyabiziga byanyuma.
4. Ibihugu bigize uyu muryango bizafata ingamba zikenewe kugira ngo abashoramari mu by'ubukungu bashireho uburyo buhagije bwo gukusanya ibinyabiziga birangiza ubuzima kandi bigere ku ntego zijyanye no kugarura no gukoresha no gutunganya ibicuruzwa kandi ko kubika no kuvura ibinyabiziga byose birangiza ubuzima bifata ikibanza ukurikije ibisabwa byibuze bya tekiniki.

Ikirango

Amabwiriza ya ELV asanzwe yashyizwe mubisabwa n'amategeko mashya ya EU. Niba ari ibicuruzwa bitwara ibinyabiziga, bigomba kuba byujuje ibisabwa na ELV n amategeko ya batiri mbere yuko ikimenyetso cya CE gishobora gukoreshwa.

Umwanzuro

Muri make, Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi ufite imipaka myinshi ku miti igabanya ikoreshwa ry’ibintu byangiza no kurengera ubuzima bw’abantu n’umutekano w’ibidukikije. Uru ruhererekane rw’ingamba rwagize ingaruka zikomeye ku nganda za batiri, haba mu guteza imbere ibikoresho by’ibidukikije byangiza ibidukikije ndetse no guteza imbere udushya mu ikoranabuhanga n’iterambere, ndetse no kuzamura imyumvire y’abaguzi ku bicuruzwa bijyanye no gukwirakwiza igitekerezo cy’iterambere rirambye no gukoresha icyatsi. Mugihe amategeko n'amabwiriza abigenga akomeje kunozwa no gushyira ingufu mu bikorwa bigashimangirwa, hari impamvu zituma twizera ko inganda za batiri zizakomeza gutera imbere mu cyerekezo cyiza kandi cyangiza ibidukikije.