Amavu n'amavuko

Isuzuma ryubuzima (LCA) nigikoresho cyo gupima ikoreshwa ryingufu zingaruka nibidukikije kubicuruzwa, ubukorikori. Igikoresho kizapima kuva mubikoresho fatizo kugeza kubicuruzwa, gutwara, gukoresha, hanyuma amaherezo bikajugunywa burundu. LCA yashinzwe kuva mu myaka ya za 70.

Umuryango w’uburozi n’ibidukikije (SETAC) usobanura SETAC nkuburyo bwo gusuzuma uburyo ibicuruzwa, umusaruro n’ibikorwa bigira ingaruka ku bidukikije hifashishijwe gusuzuma ibikoresho fatizo, gukoresha ingufu no gusohora imyanda.

l 1997, ISO yasohoye urutonde rwa ISO 14000, isobanura LCA nkikusanya nisuzuma ryinjiza, ibisohoka ningaruka zishobora guterwa na sisitemu yibicuruzwa mubuzima bwayo bwose. Ingaruka ku bidukikije zirimo gukoresha umutungo, ubuzima bwabantu n’ibidukikije. ISO 14040 isobanura ibyingenzi nuburyo, naho ISO 14044 isobanura ibisabwa nubuyobozi.

Isuzuma rya LCA ririmo ibyiciro 4:

1) intego n'intera. Ibi bijyanye nintego yubushakashatsi, imbibi za sisitemu, igice cyatoranijwe gukoresha, nibisabwa ku makuru.

2) Isesengura ry'ibarura. Ibi birimo gukusanya amakuru no kujugunya.

3) Isuzuma ry'ingaruka. Nugusesengura ibintu bigira ingaruka kubidukikije.

4) Gusobanura. Nukurangiza gusuzuma no gusesengura ibisubizo.

Intego n'intera

Intego yo kwiga

Intego yo kwiga niyo ntangiriro ya LCA. Ibi ni ugusuzuma neza imikorere ya sisitemu, kandi ikanafasha kwerekana ibidukikije byangiza sisitemu kugirango usabe ibyemezo byicyatsi.

Imipaka ya sisitemu

Imipaka ya sisitemu igomba kuba ikubiyemo ibyiciro byubuzima bukurikira hamwe nuburyo bukwiye (Hasi ni imbibi za sisitemu yibicuruzwa bya batiri)

Ibi byitwa cradle-to-grave. Cradle isobanura intangiriro, bivuga kubona ibikoresho fatizo. Imva isobanura iherezo, risobanura gusiba no gutunganya.

Igice cyimikorere

Igice cyimikorere nigipimo cyo kubara kwinjiza no gusohora mugihe cyubuzima bwa sisitemu. Mubisanzwe hariho ibice bibiri byimikorere. Imwe ni misa (unit: kg), indi ni ingufu z'amashanyarazi (unit: kWh). Niba dufashe ingufu nkigice, noneho izo mbaraga zisobanurwa nkimbaraga zose zitangwa na sisitemu ya bateri mubuzima bwayo. Ingufu zose zibarwa mukugwiza ibihe byingufu nimbaraga za buri cyiciro.

Ubwiza bwamakuru

Mu bushakashatsi bwa LCA, ubwiza bwamakuru agira ingaruka kubisubizo bya LCA. Tugomba rero gutanga ibisobanuro no gusobanura amakuru twakiriye mugihe cyo kwiga.

Isuzuma ry'ibarura

Ibarura ryubuzima (LCI) ni ishingiro rya LCA. Tugomba kubara umutungo ukenewe mubuzima bwibicuruzwa, gukoresha ingufu, hamwe n’ibyuka bihumanya. Ibikoresho hano birimo ubucukuzi, gutunganya, kugurisha ibicuruzwa, gukoresha, gutwara, kubika, gusiba no gutunganya, ubuzima bwose. Ingufu zirimo gukoresha amashanyarazi, chimie ningufu zizuba. Ibyuka bihumanya ikirere birimo umwanda, ubushyuhe n'imirasire.

(1) Gushiraho icyitegererezo cyibicuruzwa bishingiye ku mbibi za sisitemu zisobanurwa mu ntego no mu ntera.

(2) Kusanya amakuru afatika, nkibikoresho muri buri nzira, gukoresha ingufu, gutwara, kohereza, hamwe nububiko bwuzuye.

(3) Kubara ibyuka bihumanya ukurikije igice cyimikorere.

Isuzuma ry'ingaruka

Isuzuma ryingaruka zubuzima (LCIA) rikorwa hashingiwe kubisesengura ryibarura. LCIA ikubiyemo ibyiciro byingaruka, ibipimo, kuranga icyitegererezo, ibisubizo mubyiciro, kubara ibyiciro kubara (kuranga no kugereranya).

Ibyiciro byo gusuzuma ingaruka za LCA birimo:

• Umutungo wa Abiotic ukoresha agaciro gashoboka nigiciro cya peteroli ikoreshwa. Imikoreshereze yumutungo wa abiotic ningirakamaro mugutunganya amabuye muri sisitemu yinjiza. Igice ni kg Sb eq. Gukoresha abiotic ya lisansi yimyanda ifitanye isano nubushyuhe. Igice ni MJ.
• Agaciro ko gushyuha kwisi. Akanama gashinzwe guverinoma ku bijyanye n’imihindagurikire y’ibihe (IPCC) kashyizeho icyitegererezo kiranga kubara ibintu biranga. Ibintu biranga byerekana ubushyuhe bwisi mumyaka 100. Igice ni kg CO₂eq.
• Ozone sphere depletion ishobora kuba ifite agaciro. Iyi moderi yateguwe n’umuryango w’iteganyagihe. Irasobanura ubushobozi bwa ozone igabanuka rya gaze zitandukanye. Igice ni kg CFC-11 eq.
• Ozone. Igice ni kg C.₂H₂eq.
• Acidification. Yerekana ubushobozi bwo gusohora mu gupima SO₂ya buri kilo cyoherezwa mu kirere. Igice ni kg SO₂eq.
• Eutrophication. Igice ni kg PO₄eq.
• Gusobanura
• Gusobanura nicyiciro cyanyuma cya LCA. Duteranije intego hamwe nubunini, isesengura ryibarura hamwe nisuzuma ryingaruka, turashobora kugira isuzuma ryuzuye kubicuruzwa, kandi tukamenya igipimo cyo kunoza umusaruro cyangwa imyuka yubuzima. Kurugero, turashobora guteza imbere umusaruro wibikoresho fatizo, guhindura guhitamo ibikoresho fatizo, guteza imbere gutunganya ibicuruzwa, guhindura ubwoko bwingufu, guhindura ibikoresho byo gutunganya, nibindi.

Umwanzuro

• Hariho ubwoko bwinshi bwamakuru afite uruhare muri LCA. Ubwiza nubusugire bwamakuru bizagira ingaruka zikomeye kubisubizo. Niba dushobora kubaka urubuga rwo gukurikirana amakuru, aho dushobora gufata ibarura nkibice byingenzi n’ibicuruzwa, kandi tugakora base base de base de recycling, bizagabanya cyane ingorane zo kwemeza ibirenge bya karubone.
• Kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere, hari ingamba zikurikira: 1. Kuvugurura sisitemu yibikoresho bya batiri kugirango wongere ingufu nubuzima bwizunguruka. Ibi bizagabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere. 2. Ugereranije na batiri ya lithium-ion, bateri ya sodium-ion igira ingaruka nke kubidukikije. 3. Batare ikomeye ifite imyuka ihumanya ikirere kurusha batiri ya lithium-ion mugihe cyo gukora. 4. Gutunganya ibikoresho no kongera kubyara birashobora kandi guteza imbere umwanda no kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere.